A power supply converts AC to DC by changing the alternating current from the mains into a stable direct current that electronic equipment can safely use. Most industrial and electronic devices need DC power because it provides consistent voltage and prevents fluctuations that can damage sensitive components.
The conversion process begins with a transformer. Its job is to step down or step up the incoming AC voltage to the required level. For example, if a device needs 24V DC, the transformer reduces 230V AC to a suitable lower AC voltage before it moves to the next stage.
Next comes the rectifier circuit, usually made up of diodes. The rectifier allows current to flow in only one direction, converting the alternating current into pulsating DC. Although this DC has ripples, it now flows in a single direction instead of alternating.
To make the DC smooth and steady, the filter circuit uses capacitors or inductors to remove the ripples and store energy for stable output. After filtering, the DC becomes cleaner and more suitable for sensitive electronic circuits.
Finally, a voltage regulator maintains a constant DC output even if the input voltage or connected load varies. This ensures reliable power delivery to equipment like PLCs, control panels, and automation systems. That’s how a power supply converts AC to DC — step by step, from transformation to regulation.